The CLIx Basic Astronomy module has been conceptualized and developed by Connected Learning Initiative (CLIx) Science team, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
It was a collaborative work that resulted into the module and its various units, lessons and activities. We have also used open educational resources from many different sources.
This page tells you who created the lessons and the activities, and where the resources came from.
Citation
Module:
Basic Astronomy. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Unit:
Basic Astronomy Unit 1. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Lesson:
Basic Astronomy Unit 1 Lesson 01. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Credits
CLIx Science, TISS (2018). Basic Astronomy Unit 1 Lesson 01. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Translators:
Ashitosh Bhakuni
Dr. K Sharma
Dr. Srinivas Chennuri
Preeti Mishra
Ravi Kant
Sheetal Chopde Production support:
Jaya Mahale
Jayashree Anand
Sheetal Suresh
Special thanks:
Samir Dhurde, Sonal Thorve, Maharudra Mate, Ashok Rupner, Anish Mokashi, Glenda Stump, O. P. Sinha and student from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Southern Command, Pune.
To the students and teachers of all the schools where we piloted our modules.
To all the teachers, copyeditors and Rajasthan and Telangana team for their time and effort in the revalidation of content.
Banner Image of Unit 2: Image by Gregory H. Revera, CC BY-SA 3.0 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#/media/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
Banner Image of Unit 3:
The banner image is a photo of a part of The Saraswati Supercluster, which was identified by Indian scientists in July 2017. The Saraswati Supercluster is one of the oldest and largest cosmic structures known to us. It has at least 43 clusters of galaxies and is around 250,000 light years away. Credits: Team of Bagchi et al 2017 ApJ research paper on Saraswati Supercluster.
UNIT 1
Activity 1: Geosynchron This activity is adapted from
Monteiro, V., Mahashabde, G., Barbhai, P. (2008). Sun-Earth Experiments: Activity Cards for Day Time Astronomy. Navnirmiti.
UNIT 2
Figure 1: Full Moon as seen from the Earth
Gregory H. Revera, CC BY-SA 3.0 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#/media/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
Figure 2: An astronaut (Buzz Aldrin) on the Moon during Apollo 11 mission
NASA image gallery
Figure 4: The other side of the Moon
NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University - http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc_browse/view/WAC_GL180 (see also http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14021), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14842928
Figure 5a: Total solar eclipse captured in 1999 from France
I, Luc Viatour, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1107408
Figure 5b: Partial solar eclipse captured on October 23, 2014 from Minneapolis, USA
Tomruen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36349192
Figure 5c: Annular eclipse captured on May 20, 2012 from Nevada, USA
source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annular_Eclipse._Taken_from_Middlegate,_Nevada_on_May_20,_2012.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Figure 1: The gibbous Earth as seen from the Moon
NASA (Image ID: AS11-44-6551) https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/hires/as11-44-6551.jpg
Figure 2: The full Earth as seen from the Moon
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA / NHK, Kaguya (Selene). http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/img/20080411_kaguya_01l.jpg
Activity: AstRoamer: Moon Track
Moon Images: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio. Retrieved from: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4000
UNIT 3
Figure 1a: Surface of the Sun with a solar flare (captured on 9 June 2002)
NASA - https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/a-handle-on-the-sun
Figure 1b: The sunspots (captured in September 2011)
NASA - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2042428/Best-auroras-seen-Britain-thanks-huge-solar-flares.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16800815
Figure 2a: Transit of Mercury (captured on 8 Nov. 2006)
NASA - http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/162385main_Merctransit2006_sm.jpg on http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/20oct_transitofmercury.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1355554
Figure 2b: Transit of Venus (captured on 8 June 2012)
NASA - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/multimedia/gallery/venus-transit-2012-first.html
Figure 3a: Mercury
NASA https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/galleries
Figure 3b: Venus
NASA - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00104, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11826
Figure 3c: Earth
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Román, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Figure 3d: Mars
ESA - European Space Agency & Max-PlanckInstitute for Solar System Research for OSIRIS Team ESA/MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA - http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS, CC BY-SA 3.0-igo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56489423
Figure 3e: Jupiter
NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center) - http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1410a/ or http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/24/image/b/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32799232
Figure 3f: Saturn
NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute - http://www.ciclops.org/view/5155/Saturn-Four-Years-On http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/365640main_PIA11141_full.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11141, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7228953
Figure 3h: Neptune
NASA - JPL image, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=640803
Figure 1: Sizes of selected satellites in the solar system as compared to the Earth
By Originally uploaded from NASA by Bricktop; edited by Deuar, KFP, TotoBaggins - solarsystem.nasa.gov, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1641353
Figure 2a: Astrosat - India’s first dedicated multi wavelength space observatory.
ISRO http://www.isro.gov.in/astrosat/astrosat-gallery
Figure 2b: Indian scientist working on Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)
ISRO http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission-gallery
Figure 3a: Ceres
Justin Cowart - Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49700320
Figure 3b: Pluto and its moon Charon
NASA / Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Southwest Research Institute - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html?id=371389 (see also http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19966), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44378681
Figure 4a: Asteroid 253 Mathilde - measuring about 50 kilometres across (captured in 1997 by the NEAR Shoemaker probe)
NASA - http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/nea_19970627_mos.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1322412
Figure 4b: Asteroid belt is located between orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is the only minor planet in the asteroid belt and Vesta is the largest asteroid in the belt.
NASA/McREL https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA19380
Figure 5a: Halley’s Comet captured on 8 March 1986
NASA/W. Liller - NSSDC's Photo Gallery (NASA):http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-comets.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/comet/lspn_comet_halley1.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=544352
Figure 5b: Nucleus of 103P/Hartley captured through a spacecraft. The nucleus is about 2 km in length.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/images/version1/IINMVUAXF_6000002_001_001_crop.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11964349
Video: The Death of Stars
ESA/Hubble
Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser
Web and technical support: Lars Holm Nielsen and Raquel Yumi Shida
Written by: Oli Usher
Narration: Joe Liske (Dr J)
Images: NASA, ESA
Animations: Martin Kornmesser
Music: Zero Project
Directed by: Oli Usher
Executive Producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen
Figure 2: Milky Way as seen from the Earth
Steve Jurvetson - Flickr, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23906915
Figure 3a: From above (Top view)5
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19341.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40704119
Figure 3b: Profile (Side view)6
RJHall at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52696960
Figure 4: The closest galaxy, Andromeda is about 2.5 million light years from the Earth
Adam Evans - M31, the Andromeda Galaxy (now with h-alpha) Uploaded by NotFromUtrecht, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12654493
Video : How many galaxies are there?
Directedby: Mathias Jäger
Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser (martin-kornmesser.de)
Written by: Mathias Jäger, Eleanor Spring, Thomas Barratt
Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa
Images: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser
Videos: NASA, ESA/Hubble
Animations: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser, L. Calçada
Music: Johan B. Monell (www.johanmonell.com)
Web and technical support: Mathias Andre and Raquel Yumi Shida
Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen
Animation: Solar System CSS 3D Solar System. Copyright (c) 2012 Julian Garnier. Licensed under the MIT license. Retrieved from: https://codepen.io/juliangarnier/pen/idhuG
Citation | Credits | Rights Information
The CLIx Basic Astronomy module has been conceptualized and developed by Connected Learning Initiative (CLIx) Science team, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
It was a collaborative work that resulted into the module and its various units, lessons and activities. We have also used open educational resources from many different sources.
This page tells you who created the lessons and the activities, and where the resources came from.
Citation
Module:
Basic Astronomy. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Unit:
Basic Astronomy Unit 1. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Lesson:
Basic Astronomy Unit 1 Lesson 01. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Credits
CLIx Science, TISS (2018). Basic Astronomy Unit 1 Lesson 01. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Rights Information
Basic Astronomy Unit 1 Lesson 01. India: CLIx, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. CC-BY-4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contributors
Module designers: CLIx Science team
Archana Corea
Jaya Mahale
Jayashree Anand
Judith Perry
Rafikh Shaikh
Shamin Padalkar
Sheetal Chopde
Scot Osterweil
Academic mentor:
Jayshree Ramadas
Editors:
Shamin Padalkar
Coursebook author:
Shamin Padalkar
Translators:
Ashitosh Bhakuni
Dr. K Sharma
Dr. Srinivas Chennuri
Preeti Mishra
Ravi Kant
Sheetal Chopde
Production support:
Jaya Mahale
Jayashree Anand
Sheetal Suresh
Interactive/tool development:
Ashwin Nagappa
Tanvi Domadia
Platform development:
Brandon Muramatsu
Cole Shaw
Jeff Merriman
Kathleen McMahon
Kedar Aitawdekar
Keerthi K.R.D.
Kirky DeLong
Mrunal Nachankar
Nagarjuna G.
Padmini Sampath
Prachi Bhatia
Rachana Katkam
Ramjee Swaminathan
Sadaqat Mulla
Satej Shende
Saurabh Bharswadkar
Authoring support:
Chetan
Lakhindar
Publication team:
Rachna Ramesh Kumar
Sunita Badrinarayan
Special thanks:
Samir Dhurde, Sonal Thorve, Maharudra Mate, Ashok Rupner, Anish Mokashi, Glenda Stump, O. P. Sinha and student from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Southern Command, Pune.
To the students and teachers of all the schools where we piloted our modules.
To all the teachers, copyeditors and Rajasthan and Telangana team for their time and effort in the revalidation of content.
Credits
Literature references:
Banner Image of Unit 1:
Image taken by NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2159.html;
SEE Also => http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=9643 AND http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth
Banner Image of Unit 2:
Image by Gregory H. Revera, CC BY-SA 3.0 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#/media/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
Banner Image of Unit 3:
The banner image is a photo of a part of The Saraswati Supercluster, which was identified by Indian scientists in July 2017. The Saraswati Supercluster is one of the oldest and largest cosmic structures known to us. It has at least 43 clusters of galaxies and is around 250,000 light years away. Credits: Team of Bagchi et al 2017 ApJ research paper on Saraswati Supercluster.
UNIT 1
Activity 1: Geosynchron
This activity is adapted from
Monteiro, V., Mahashabde, G., Barbhai, P. (2008). Sun-Earth Experiments: Activity Cards for Day Time Astronomy. Navnirmiti.
UNIT 2
Figure 1: Full Moon as seen from the Earth
Gregory H. Revera, CC BY-SA 3.0 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#/media/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
Figure 2: An astronaut (Buzz Aldrin) on the Moon during Apollo 11 mission
NASA image gallery
Figure 4: The other side of the Moon
NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University - http://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc_browse/view/WAC_GL180 (see also http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14021), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14842928
Figure 5a: Total solar eclipse captured in 1999 from France
I, Luc Viatour, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1107408
Figure 5b: Partial solar eclipse captured on October 23, 2014 from Minneapolis, USA
Tomruen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36349192
Figure 5c: Annular eclipse captured on May 20, 2012 from Nevada, USA
source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annular_Eclipse._Taken_from_Middlegate,_Nevada_on_May_20,_2012.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Figure 1: The gibbous Earth as seen from the Moon
NASA (Image ID: AS11-44-6551) https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/hires/as11-44-6551.jpg
Figure 2: The full Earth as seen from the Moon
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA / NHK, Kaguya (Selene). http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/img/20080411_kaguya_01l.jpg
Animation: Motions of the Moon and the Earth
PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder. Phet Interactive Simulations: Gravity and Orbits. Retrieved from: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gravity-and-orbits/latest/gravity-and-orbits_en.html
Activity: AstRoamer: Moon Track
Moon Images: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio. Retrieved from: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4000
UNIT 3
Figure 1a: Surface of the Sun with a solar flare (captured on 9 June 2002)
NASA - https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galleries/a-handle-on-the-sun
Figure 1b: The sunspots (captured in September 2011)
NASA - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2042428/Best-auroras-seen-Britain-thanks-huge-solar-flares.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16800815
Figure 2a: Transit of Mercury (captured on 8 Nov. 2006)
NASA - http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/162385main_Merctransit2006_sm.jpg on http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/20oct_transitofmercury.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1355554
Figure 2b: Transit of Venus (captured on 8 June 2012)
NASA - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/multimedia/gallery/venus-transit-2012-first.html
Figure 3a: Mercury
NASA https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/galleries
Figure 3b: Venus
NASA - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00104, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11826
Figure 3c: Earth
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Román, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Figure 3d: Mars
ESA - European Space Agency & Max-PlanckInstitute for Solar System Research for OSIRIS Team ESA/MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA - http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS, CC BY-SA 3.0-igo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56489423
Figure 3e: Jupiter
NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center) - http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1410a/ or http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/24/image/b/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32799232
Figure 3f: Saturn
NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute - http://www.ciclops.org/view/5155/Saturn-Four-Years-On http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/365640main_PIA11141_full.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11141, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7228953
Figure 3g: Uranus
NASA/JPL-Caltech - http://web.archive.org/web/20090119235457/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/milestones_show/slide1.html (image link) http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA18182 (image link), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5649239
Figure 3h: Neptune
NASA - JPL image, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=640803
Figure 1: Sizes of selected satellites in the solar system as compared to the Earth
By Originally uploaded from NASA by Bricktop; edited by Deuar, KFP, TotoBaggins - solarsystem.nasa.gov, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1641353
Figure 2a: Astrosat - India’s first dedicated multi wavelength space observatory.
ISRO http://www.isro.gov.in/astrosat/astrosat-gallery
Figure 2b: Indian scientist working on Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)
ISRO http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission-gallery
Figure 3a: Ceres
Justin Cowart - Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49700320
Figure 3b: Pluto and its moon Charon
NASA / Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Southwest Research Institute - https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/images/index.html?id=371389 (see also http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19966), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44378681
Figure 4a: Asteroid 253 Mathilde - measuring about 50 kilometres across (captured in 1997 by the NEAR Shoemaker probe)
NASA - http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/nea_19970627_mos.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1322412
Figure 4b: Asteroid belt is located between orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is the only minor planet in the asteroid belt and Vesta is the largest asteroid in the belt.
NASA/McREL https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA19380
Figure 5a: Halley’s Comet captured on 8 March 1986
NASA/W. Liller - NSSDC's Photo Gallery (NASA):http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-comets.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/comet/lspn_comet_halley1.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=544352
Figure 5b: Nucleus of 103P/Hartley captured through a spacecraft. The nucleus is about 2 km in length.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/UMD - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/images/version1/IINMVUAXF_6000002_001_001_crop.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11964349
Video: The Death of Stars
ESA/Hubble
Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser
Web and technical support: Lars Holm Nielsen and Raquel Yumi Shida
Written by: Oli Usher
Narration: Joe Liske (Dr J)
Images: NASA, ESA
Animations: Martin Kornmesser
Music: Zero Project
Directed by: Oli Usher
Executive Producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen
Figure 2: Milky Way as seen from the Earth
Steve Jurvetson - Flickr, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23906915
Figure 3a: From above (Top view)5
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19341.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40704119
Figure 3b: Profile (Side view)6
RJHall at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52696960
Figure 4: The closest galaxy, Andromeda is about 2.5 million light years from the Earth
Adam Evans - M31, the Andromeda Galaxy (now with h-alpha) Uploaded by NotFromUtrecht, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12654493
Video : How many galaxies are there?
Directedby: Mathias Jäger
Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser (martin-kornmesser.de)
Written by: Mathias Jäger, Eleanor Spring, Thomas Barratt
Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa
Images: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser
Videos: NASA, ESA/Hubble
Animations: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser, L. Calçada
Music: Johan B. Monell (www.johanmonell.com)
Web and technical support: Mathias Andre and Raquel Yumi Shida
Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen
Animation: Solar System
CSS 3D Solar System. Copyright (c) 2012 Julian Garnier. Licensed under the MIT license. Retrieved from: https://codepen.io/juliangarnier/pen/idhuG